Resultados a 5 años de la revascularización exclusiva con dos arterias mamarias en pacientes con enfermedad coronaria multivaso / Exclusive coronary revascularization with both mammary arteries: analysis of 73 patients

Background: Exclusive coronary revascularization with both mammary arteries could result in lower rates of adverse events in the long term. Aim: To describe the five-year evolution of a cohort of patients operated on with this technique. Material and Methods: Follow up analyzing survival of 73 patients aged 59 ± 9 years (82% men) who underwent exclusive coronary surgery with two mammary arteries between December 1,2010 and April 12,2017. We studied their clinical characteristics, surgical results, operative morbidity and mortality and adverse events up to June 30, 2018. Results: Six patients had two-vessel lesions and 67 three-vessel lesions. The operative risk calculated by additive and logistic EuroSCORE was 2.5 and 2.3%, respectively. A mean of 3.75 anastomoses /patient were performed, 116 with left mammary artery (73 to the anterior descending artery, 38 to a diagonal artery and 5 for other objectives) and 158 with right mammary artery (69 to a first marginal artery, 23 to a second marginal artery and 64 to posterior descending artery). There was one case of mediastinitis and one (1.5%) patient died. The mean follow-up was 64.6 ± 23.7 months. The 5-year survival was 90.4%. Conclusions: Coronary revascularization with two exclusive mammary arteries allowed a complete revascularization of the heart with a low rate of complications and adverse effects at five years.

Does moderate coronary stenosis affect the fate of the left internal thoracic artery graft?

Abstract Introduction: In this study we try to observe the fate of the left internal thoracic artery grafts that were bypassed to left anterior descending artery with moderate stenosis identified with fractional flow reserve (FFR) technique. Doppler ultrasonography was chosen as a noninvasive screening method. Methods: A total of 30 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting depending on results of the fractional flow reserve between January 2007 and January 2012, were subjected to transthoracic color Doppler ultrasonographic evaluation irrespective of the presence of symptoms, and the presence of a systolic-diastolic flow pattern was investigated using the supraclavicular approach. Results: The left internal thoracic artery graft was found to be functional in 63.3% of patients within a mean period of 35.1±19.7 months between coronary bypass and color Doppler ultrasonography. This period was found to be 29.4±19.6 months in the functional graft group, and 44.7±16.6 months in the dysfunctional graft group (P=0.046). Preoperative complaints of angina were reported to fall from 88.9% to 16.7% in the functional graft group, when compared to the postoperative period (P<0.001), but fell from 90.9% to 36.4% in the dysfunctional graft group (P=0.034). Conclusion: Functional left internal thoracic artery graft rates of the study population were found to be lower than the studies reported in the literature.

Effect of lima harvesting technique on postoperative drainage in off-pump CABG

Abstract Objective: We investigated the effects of pedicled and semiskeletonized left internal mammary artery (LIMA) harvesting techniques on postoperative drainage in patients subjected to off-pump CABG, ignoring other advantages or disadvantages of those techniques. Methods: The present study comprises a total of 160 subjects that underwent coronary artery bypass surgery in our clinic. Data were collected consecutively and retrospectively. An attempt was made to have similar groups in terms of demographic characteristics. Patients that underwent off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery by two surgical teams which differed only in LIMA harvesting technique were dichotomized and compared according to these techniques. The first group (Group 1) consisted of patients in whom LIMA was harvested with surrounding tissues using the pedicled technique. The second group (Group 2) consisted of patients in whom LIMA was harvested using the semiskeletonized technique, with the veins separated from surrounding connective tissues. Results: The mean amount of drainage in the first 24 hours was 706.1±234.2 ml vs. 591±258.8 ml (Group 1 vs. Group 2; P=0.005), the mean amount of drainage in the second 24 hours was 270±133.6 ml vs. 189.4±140.4 ml (Group 1 vs. Group 2; P<0.001), and the mean amount of total drainage was determined to be 976.1±306.9 ml vs. 781.2±335.5 ml (Group 1 vs. Group 2; P<0.001). Conclusion: It was observed that semiskeletonized LIMA presents reduced amount of postoperative drainage in the first and second 24-hour periods and total amount of drainage than pedicled LIMA, independent of pleural integrity.

How to perform a coronary artery anastomosis in complete endoscopic fashion with robotic assistance / Como realizar anastomose coronariana totalmente endoscópica com assistência robótica

Current technology in robotic surgery allows us to perform myocardial revascularization procedures in a totally endoscopic fashion. We will describe the technique of choice for left internal mammary artery to left anterior descendent artery anastomosis with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass machine. The method is efficient and there is long term follow-up showing similar patency of the graft when compared to conventional methods (when performed through sternotomy).

A tecnologia atual em cirurgia robótica permite realizar-se procedimento de revascularização do miocárdio de modo totalmente endoscópico. Descreveremos aqui a técnica de escolha para anastomose de artéria mamaria interna esquerda em artéria coronariana descendente anterior com uso de circulação extracorpórea. O método e eficaz e já existe acompanhamento a longo prazo mostrando patência do enxerto semelhante ao método convencional por esternotomia.

Right-sided reverse T composite arterial grafting to complete revascularization of the right coronary artery / Enxerto arterial composto reverso T do lado direito para completar a revascularização da artéria coronária direita

Complete arterial revascularization for the right coronary artery is underused mainly due to technical issues. Herein we report on a new approach for complete arterial revascularization of arterial revascularization for the right coronary artery branches. Complete arterial revascularization for the right coronary artery revascularization was performed in 8 patients using a reverse T composite arterial graft. None of the patients suffered perioperative myocardial infarction. All patients underwent noninvasive coronary imaging, displaying an early patency rate of 100%. Complete arterial arterial revascularization for the right coronary artery revascularization using a reverse T graft offers a new paradigm with enhanced technical flexibility in performing all arterial myocardial complete revascularizations in selected patients.

Revascularização arterial completa para a artéria coronária direita é subutilizada, principalmente devido a problemas técnicos. Nós relatamos uma nova abordagem para a revascularização arterial completa para os ramos da artéria coronária direita. Revascularização arterial completa da artéria coronária direita foi realizada em 8 pacientes usando um enxerto T arterial composto inverso. Nenhum dos pacientes sofreu infarto do miocárdio perioperatório. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a exame de imagem não invasivo coronária não invasiva, exibindo taxa de patência precoce de 100%. Revascularização arterial completa da artéria coronária direita com enxerto inversa T oferece um novo paradigma com maior flexibilidade técnica na execução todas as revascularizações arteriais completas do miocárdio em pacientes selecionados.

New technique "Right Anterior Small Thoracotomy (RAST operation)" for beating heart grafting of the right internal thoracic artery to the posterior descending artery to the posterior descending artery in a third redo CABG patient. A novel coronary technique / Nova técnica "Pequena toracotomia anterior direita (operação RAST)" para enxerto da artéria torácica interna direita para a artéria descendente posterior com o coração batendo em paciente de terceira RM. Uma técnica coronária nova

Third REDO-CABG is a challenge for the surgical team. Usually a patent mammary is the only graft working and the sternotomy becomes a risky procedure. Injury to a patent graft has been associated to a high mortality rate. Many different approaches have been proposed. We describe a novel technique to approach the right coronary artery through a right anterior small thoracotomy using the right mammary prolonged with saphenous vein for grafting the posterior descending artery on the beating heart. The technique is very simple and feasible because anatomically the right coronary artery and the right mammary are very close and the mobilization of the heart is minimal.

A terceira reoperação de revascularização miocárdica é um desafio para a equipe cirúrgica. Normalmente, uma mamária patente é a única possibilidade de enxerto e a esternotomia torna-se um procedimento arriscado. A lesão de enxerto patente tem sido associada a uma alta taxa de mortalidade. Muitas abordagens diferentes têm sido propostas. Descrevemos uma nova técnica de abordagem da artéria coronária direita através de uma pequena toracotomia anterior direita usando a mamária direita prolongada com enxerto de veia safena para a artéria descendente posterior com o coração batendo. A técnica é muito simples e viável, pois anatomicamente a artéria coronária direita e a mamária direita estão muito próximas e a mobilização do coração é mínima.

Análise comparativa da perviedade das artérias torácicas internas na revascularização da região anterior do coração. Avaliação por angiotomografia no 6º mês de pós-operatório / Comparative analysis of the patency of the internal thoracic artery in the CABG of left anterior descending artery: 6-month postoperative coronary CT angiography evaluation

Objetivo: Analisar a perviedade da artéria torácica interna direita pediculada, anteroaórtica em anastomose para o ramo interventricular anterior na revascularização do miocárdio, em relação à artéria torácica interna esquerda, com o uso de angiotomografia coronária, no 6º mês de pós-operatório. Métodos: No período de dezembro de 2008 a dezembro de 2011, 100 pacientes foram selecionados, prospectivamente, para cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio sem circulação extracorpórea. Foram agrupados em Grupo-1 (G-1) e Grupo-2 (G-2), com 50 pacientes cada, randomização por computador e conhecimento da técnica no início da cirurgia. No G-1, os pacientes receberam artéria torácica interna esquerda para o ramo interventricular anterior e complementação da revascularização do miocárdio com a artéria torácica interna direita livre para ramos da circunflexa. Os pacientes do G-2 receberam artéria torácica interna direita pediculada para o ramo interventricular anterior e complementação da revascularização do miocárdio com artéria torácica interna esquerda, pediculada, para ramos da circunflexa. Resultados: Os grupos eram semelhantes quanto aos dados clínicos de pré-operatório. Houve predominância do sexo masculino, 75,6% e 88% nos grupos 1 e 2 respectivamente. Cinco pacientes migraram do G-1 para o G-2 devido à doença ateromatosa na aorta ascendente. A média de anastomoses distais no G-1 foi de 3,48 (DP=0,72), e no G-2 foi de 3,20 (DP=0,76). Os resultados das angiotomografias coronarianas em 96 pacientes reestudados mostraram que todas as artérias torácicas internas, direita ou esquerda, utilizadas pediculadas para a região anterior do coração encontravam-se ...

Objective: To assess the patency of the pedicled right internal thoracic artery with an anteroaortic course and compare it to the patency of the left internal thoracic artery , in anastomosis to the left anterior descending artery in coronary artery bypass grafting by using coronary CT angiography at 6 months postoperatively. Methods: Between December 2008 and December 2011, 100 patients were selected to undergo a prospective coronary artery bypass grafting procedure without cardiopulmonary bypass. The patients were randomly divided by a computer-generated list into Group-1 (G-1) and Group-2 (G-2), comprising 50 patients each, the technique used was known at the beginning of the surgery. In G-1, coronary artery bypass grafting was performed using the left internal thoracic artery for the left anterior descending and the free right internal thoracic artery for the circumflex, and in G-2, coronary artery bypass grafting was performed using the right internal thoracic artery pedicled to the left anterior descending and the left internal thoracic artery pedicled to the circumflex territory. Results: The groups were similar with regard to the preoperative clinical data. A male predominance of 75.6% and 88% was observed in G-1 and G-2, respectively. Five patients migrated from G-1 to G-2 because of atheromatous disease in the ascending aorta. The average number of distal anastomoses was 3.48 (SD=0.72) in G-1 and 3.20 (SD=0.76) in G-2. Coronary CT angiography in 96 re-evaluated patients showed that all ITAs, right or left, used in situ for the left anterior descending were patent. There were no deaths in either group. Conclusion: Coronary artery bypass grafting surgery involving anastomosis of the anteroaortic right internal thoracic artery to the left anterior descending artery has an outcome similar to that obtained using the left internal thoracic artery for the same coronary site. .

Aperfeiçoamento em técnica de perfusão cardioplégica no pinçamento único de aorta - resultados iniciais / Improvement in cardioplegic perfusion technique in single aortic clamping - initial results

INTRODUÇÃO: O método mais comumente utilizado para a proteção miocárdica é o de administrar-se solução cardioplégica na circulação coronária. Entretanto, a proteção pode ser alcançada através da perfusão intermitente do sistema coronariano com sangue do próprio paciente, que é realizada por meio de múltiplas sequências de pinçamento e abertura do clamp aórtico ou por meio do pinçamento único e canulação acessória da raiz aórtica. Objetivo: Avaliar o desfecho clínico e a ocorrência de eventos neurológicos no período intra-hospitalar dos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio com a técnica proposta aqui neste estudo. Métodos: Descreve-se uma técnica de proteção miocárdica no uso do pinçamento único de aorta que consiste na canulação acessória da raiz aórtica com sistema aperfeiçoado para perfusão coronária intermitente, foi realizado estudo observacional transversal prospectivo onde foram estudados 50 pacientes (idade média 58,5±7.19 anos) submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio sob a técnica proposta. Foram avaliadas variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais pré e pós-operatórias. Resultados: O nível médio de pico da CKMB pós-operatória foi de 51,64±27,10 U/L no segundo pós-operatório e da troponina I foi de 3,35±4,39 ng/ml no quarto pós-operatório, e estiveram dentro do limite da normalidade. Não foi observado nenhum óbito e um paciente evoluiu com alteração neurológica leve. A monitorização hemodinâmica não revelou alterações. Conclusão: A cirurgia de rev...

Introduction: The most common method used for myocardial protection is administering cardioplegic solution in the coronary circulation. Nevertheless, protection may be achieved by intermittent perfusion of the coronary system with patient's own blood. The intermittent perfusion may be performed by multiple sequences of clamping and opening of the aortic clamp or due single clamping and accessory cannulation of the aortic root as in the improved technique proposed in this study, reperfusion without the need for multiple clamping of the aorta. Objective: To evaluate the clinical outcome and the occurrence of neurological events in in-hospital patients submitted to myocardial revascularization surgery with the "improved technique" of intermittent perfusion of the aortic root with single clamping. Methods: This is a prospective, cross-sectional, observational study that describes a myocardial management technique that consists of intermittent perfusion of the aortic root with single clamping in which 50 patients (mean age 58.5±7.19 years old) have been submitted to the myocardial revasculrization surgery under the proposed technique. Clinical and laboratory variables, pre- and post-surgery, have been assessed. Results: The mean peak level of post-surgery CKMB was 51.64±27.10 U/L in the second post-surgery and of troponin I was 3.35±4.39 ng/ml in the fourth post-surgery, within normal limits. No deaths have occurred and one patient presented mild neurological disorder. Hemodynamic monitoring has not indicated any changes. Conclusion: The myocardial revascularization surgery by perfusion with the improved technique with intermittent aortic root with single clamping proved to be safe, enabling satisfactory clinical results. .

Análise da medida de fluxo por tempo de trânsito da artéria torácica interna direita anastomosada para a artéria interventricular anterior comparada com a artéria torácica interna esquerda / Analysis of transit time flow of the right internal thoracic artery anastomosed to the left anterior descending artery compared to the left internal thoracic artery

Introdução: Avaliamos por meio da medida de fluxo por tempo de trânsito o desempenho das artérias torácicas direita e esquerda quando utilizadas como enxerto para revascularização da artéria interventricular anterior. Métodos: Cinquenta pacientes submetidos à operação para revascularização do miocárdio sem circulação extracorpórea foram divididos em dois grupos. No grupo A, os pacientes receberam enxerto de artéria torácica interna direita para o ramo interventricular anterior. No grupo B, os pacientes receberam enxerto de artéria torácica interna esquerda para o mesmo ramo. Ao término da operação, o fluxo foi avaliado por meio da medida de fluxo por tempo de trânsito. Resultados: No grupo A, idade média foi de 60,6±9,49 anos. A média de peso e altura do grupo foi de 80,4±10,32 Kg e 169,2±6,86 cm. A média de pontes por paciente neste grupo foi de 3,28±1,49. O fluxo médio e a resistência distal obtidos na artéria torácica interna direita foi de 42,1±23,4 ml/min e 2,8±0,9 respectivamente. No grupo B, a idade média foi de 59,8±9,7 anos. A média de peso e altura deste grupo foi de 77,7±14,2215,7 Kg e 166,0±8,2 cm. A média de pontes por paciente neste grupo foi de 3,08±0,82. O fluxo médio e a resistência distal observados neste grupo foi de 34,2±19,1ml⁄min e 2,0±0,7. Não houve óbitos nesta série. Conclusão: A artéria torácica interna direita apresentou um comportamento similar ao da artéria torácica interna esquerda quando anastomosada ao ramo interventricular anterior da coronária esquerda. Não houve diferença estatística entre a medida de fluxo obtida entre ambas as artérias. .

INTRODUCTION: We evaluated with transit time flow the performance of the right and left thoracic arteries when used as a graft for the left anterior descending artery. Methods: Fifty patients undergoing surgery for myocardial revascularization without cardiopulmonary bypass were divided into two groups. In group A patients received graft of right internal mammary artery to the anterior interventricular branch. In group B patients received graft of left internal mammary artery to the same branch. At the end of the operation the flow was assessed by measuring transit time. Results: In group A, mean age was 60.6±9.49 years. The average height and weight of the group was 80.4±10.32 kg and 169.2±6.86 cm. The average number of grafts per patient in this group was 3.28±1.49. The mean flow and distal resistance obtained in right internal thoracic artery was 42.1±23.4 ml/min and 2.8±0.9 respectively. In group B, the mean age was 59.8±9.7 years. The average height and weight of this group was 77.7±14.22 kg and 166.0±8.2 cm. The average number of grafts per patient in this group was 3.08 ±0.82. The mean flow and distal resistance observed in this group was 34.2±19.1 ml/min and 2.0±0.7. There were no deaths in this series. Conclusion: Right internal mammary artery presented a similar behavior to left internal mammary artery when anastomosed to the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery. There was no statistical difference between the measured flow obtained between both arteries. .

Mamária tortuosa: abordagem do leito nativo da artéria descendente anterior / Tortuous mammary: treatment of native left anterior descending artery

Paciente masculino, 51 anos, apresentava angina instável e passado de revascularização miocárdica: artéria torácica interna esquerda (ATI) para artéria descendente anterior (ADA) e ponte de safena para artéria coronária direita (ACD). A coronariografia mostrou ATI pérvia com acentuada tortuosidade e estenose de 90% no terço distal do leito nativo da ADA. Foi tentada angioplastia do leito nativo da ADA pelo enxerto de ATI pelos métodosconvencionais, sem sucesso. Devido à acentuada tortuosidade da ATI e o insucesso pela técnica convencional foram utilizados materiais dedicados à neurointervenção (vasos com grande tortuosidade) com corda-guia extremamente flexível, facilitando a passagem pelas tortuosidades e cateter-guia com extremidade distal flexível, possibilitando o seu posicionamento até o terço médio do enxerto. A utilização desses materiais tornou possível a realização do procedimento com sucesso.

Male patient, 51, presented unstable angina with a history of myocardial revascularization: left internal thoracic artery (ITA) to anterior descending artery (ADA) and saphenous vein to right coronary artery (RCA). Coronary angiography showed patent ITA with severe tortuosity and 90% stenosis in the distal third of the native ADA bed. Native ADA bed angioplasty was attempted unsuccessfully by ITA grafting through conventional methods. Due to the severe tortuosity of the ITA and the failure of the conventional technique, neurointervention materials were used (extremely tortuous vessels) with a very flexible guidewire for easy passage through tortuous areas and a guide catheter with a flexible distal tip that allowed it to be positioned in the middle third of the graft. The use of these materials ensured that the procedure was performed successfully.

Cirugía de revascularización miocárdica de la arteria descendente anterior con arteria mamaria interna izquierda sin circulación extracorpórea: Experiencia en el largo plazo / Beating heart anterior descending coronary artery grafting with left internal mammary artery: A long term follow up experience

Background: In recent years the use of left internal mammary artery (LIMA) as a gran to anterior descending artery (DA) with the offpump technique has been associated with similar good long term results as with the on pump technique. Aún: To repon the results of LIMA to DA bypass grafting without extracorporeal circulation (EC) for isolated DA lesions. Patients and methods: Descriptive study of 80 patients subjected to coronary surgery between 1999 and 2007. Results: Mean age ofpatients was 63 + 10 years and 60 were male. There was no operative mortality or stroke. One patient with a myocardial infarction required a reoperation. Actuarial survival was 98% at 97 months. Conclusions: In this group ofpatients the use ofLIMA as a coronary bypass gran to DA with the off pump technique is a safe surgical procedure, providing a prolonged cardiac event free survival (mortality, angina, myocardial infarction, and need for a new coronary procedure).

Dupla artéria torácica esqueletizada versus convencional na revascularização do miocárdio sem CEC em diabéticos / Double skeletonized internal thoracic artery vs. double conventional internal thoracic artery in diabetic patients submitted to OPCAB

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência da técnica utilizada na dissecção das artérias torácicas na evolução de pacientes diabéticos submetidos a revascularização sem CEC. MÉTODOS: Setenta pacientes diabéticos submetidos a revascularização sem CEC com duas artérias torácicas foram avaliados. No grupo A, as artérias torácicas foram dissecadas de modo convencional, enquanto no grupo B foram esqueletizadas. RESULTADOS: A idade média do grupo A foi de 52,14±7,35 anos contra 55,71±8,1 anos no grupo B (p=0,057). No grupo A, seis (17,1%) pacientes eram diabéticos insulinodependentes contra nove (25,7%) no grupo B (p=0,561). O EUROSCORE foi de 3,97±2,49 para o grupo A contra 4,14±3,06 no grupo B (p=0,879). O número médio de anastomoses distais no grupo A foi de 3±0,77 contra 3,03±0,89 para o grupo B (p=0,981). Três (8,57%) dos pacientes do grupo A apresentaram mediastinite contra nenhum do grupo B (p=0,239). A diabetes insulino-dependente foi o único fator estatisticamente significativo (p=0,008) para mediastinite. Neste grupo, a utilização de artéria torácica interna esqueletizada diminuiu significativamente a incidência de mediastinite (p=0,044). CONCLUSÃO: A incidência de mediastinite foi menor no grupo onde ambas as artérias torácicas foram dissecadas de forma esqueletizada, apesar de, devido ao baixo número de casos, não apresentar diferença estatística. Nos portadores de diabetes insulino-dependente, 50 por cento dos pacientes do grupo em que a artéria torácica foi obtida de forma convencional apresentaram mediastinite, sendo que a utilização de artéria torácica esqueletizada diminuiu significativamente a incidência de mediastinite.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of the technique used in the dissection of thoracic arteries in the evolution of diabetic patients submitted to OPCAB. METHODS: Seventy diabetic patients submitted to OPCAB using bilateral thoracic arteries were evaluated. In Group A, thoracic arteries were dissected as a pedicle, while in Group B they were skeletonized. RESULTS: The mean age of patients in Group A was 52.14 ± 7.35 years old versus 55.71 ± 8.1 years for Group B (p=0.057). In Group A, six patients (17.1%) were insulin dependent against nine (25.7%) in Group B (p = 0.561). The EUROSCORE was 3.97 ± 2.49 for Group A opposed to 4.14 ± 3.06 for Group B (p = 0.879). The number of distal anastomoses in Group A was 3 ± 0.77 versus 3.03 ± 0.89 in Group B (p = 0.981). Three patients (8.57%) from Group A presented with mediastinitis. Insulin dependence was the only significant risk factor (p=0.008) for mediastinitis. In this group the use of skeletonized internal thoracic arteries significantly decreased the incidence of mediastinitis (p = 0.044). Conclusion: The incidence of mediastinitis was lower in the group for which mammary arteries were dissected using skeletonization. Among insulin-dependent diabetics, 50 percent of the patients from the group in which the pedicled internal thoracic artery was utilized presented with mediastinitis; the utilization of skeletonized internal thoracic arteries significantly decreases the incidence of mediastinitis.

Surgical myocardial revascularization: off-pump use of bilateral internal thoracic artery grafting / Cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica: uso de enxerto bilateral de artéria torácica interna sem circulação extracorpórea

FUNDAMENTO: Avanços na cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (RM) introduziram benefícios adicionais, como a técnica sem uso da circulação extracorpórea (CEC) e a utilização do enxerto bilateral de artéria torácica interna (ATI). A cirurgia de RM sem uso da CEC tem sido associada a melhora dos resultados imediatos e a redução da incidência de complicações perioperatórias, e o uso bilateral de enxertos de ATI oferece aumento de sobrevida e redução de eventos cardiovasculares a longo prazo. OBJETIVO: Apresentar a experiência inicial com o emprego combinado desses avanços na cirurgia de RM. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 35 pacientes consecutivos submetidos a RM sem CEC, com enxertos bilaterais de ATIs, sendo a ATI esquerda dirigida para a artéria descendente anterior e a ATI direita anastomosada aos ramos da artéria circunflexa. As co-morbidades predominantes foram infarto do miocárdio prévio em 71,4 por cento dos pacientes, diabetes melito em 34,2 por cento e insuficiência renal em 14,2 por cento. RESULTADOS: Nenhum paciente apresentou alteração do eletrocardiograma ou elevação enzimática no pós-operatório. O número de pontes por paciente variou de 2 a 4 (mediana de 3 pontes/paciente). A permanência hospitalar pós-operatória esteve entre 3 e 12 dias (média de 4,7 + 1,7 dias). Não houve casos de infecção ou deiscência esternal, mas um paciente apresentou acidente vascular cerebral no quarto dia de pós-operatório e faleceu. A duração do seguimento tardio foi de 4 a 48 meses. Não houve óbitos tardios, 31 pacientes estão assintomáticos e 3 têm angina residual. CONCLUSÃO: A combinação desses avanços técnicos na cirurgia de revascularização cirúrgica mostrou-se eficaz e pode contribuir para a melhora dos benefícios a longo prazo.

BACKGROUND: Advances in surgical myocardial revascularization (MR) have introduced additional benefits with the off-pump (OP) technique and the use of bilateral internal thoracic artery (ITA) grafting. Off-pump surgical MR has been associated with improved immediate outcomes and reduced incidence of perioperative complications, and the use of bilateral ITA grafts provides increased survival and decreased cardiovascular events in the long term. OBJECTIVE: To present the initial experience with the combined use of these advances in surgical MR. METHODS: A total of 35 consecutive patients undergoing off-pump MR with bilateral ITA grafting were studied; the left ITA was directed toward the anterior descending artery and the right ITA was anastomosed to the circumflex artery branches. The predominant comorbidities were previous myocardial infarction in 71.4 percent of the patients, diabetes mellitus in 34.2 percent, and renal failure in 14.2 percent. RESULTS No patients presented electrocardiographic changes or enzyme elevation in the postoperative period. The number of bypasses per patient ranged from two to four (median of three bypasses/patient). Postoperative hospital stay ranged from three to 12 days (mean of 4.7 + 1.7 days). No cases of sternal dehiscence or infection were observed, but one patient suffered a stroke on the fourth postoperative day and died. Late follow-up lasted from four to 48 months. No late deaths occurred, 31 patients are asymptomatic, and three have residual angina. CONCLUSION: The combination of these technical advances in surgical myocardial revascularization proved efficient and able to contribute to improved benefits in the long term.

Revascularização do miocárdio em origem anômala da artéria coronária direita: relato de caso / Myocardial revascularization in anomalous origin of the right coronary artery: case report

O objetivo deste artigo é mostrar o caso de um paciente de 21 anos com episódio de angina e lipotímia relacionados com alteração isquêmica do miocárdio decorrente de origem anômala da artéria coronária direita a partir do seio da aorta (seio de Valsalva) esquerdo. O paciente foi submetido à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio, com artéria torácica interna direita para artéria coronária direita. É realizada também uma revisão da literatura desta rara doença cardíaca congênita.

A 21-year-old man with angina-like chest pain and syncope related to ischemic ECG changes due to an anomalous origin of the right coronary artery. The patient was submitted to surgical correction with myocardial revascularization with internal thoracic artery. A literature review of this rare congenital heart disease is presented.

Remodelamento tardio da artéria torácica interna bilateral na revascularização do miocárdio: influência do leito coronariano esquerdo / Late remodeling of bilateral internal thoracic artery in coronary artery bypass graft surgery: infuence of left coronary bed

O enxerto de artéria torácica interna tem demonstrado capacidade de remodelamento devido a interação com o leito arterial coronariano. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a influência dos fatores clínicos e angiográficos no remodelamento dos enxertos, definido como variação no calibre vascular / Internal thoracic artery grafts has demonstrated capacity for remodeling due to interaction with the coronary artery bed. The goal was to analysis the influence of clinical and angiographic factors in this remodeling as defined as grafts caliber variation. Methods: In a period from 1983 to 1999, 356 patients underwent to coronary artery bypass surgery using the left internal thoracic artery anastomosed to interventricular...

Cirugía coronaria con dos arterias mamarias: evaluación de 50 casos consecutivos / Coronary surgery with bilateral internal thoracic arteries: evaluation of 50 consecutives cases

El uso de conductos arteriales, específicamente de la arteria mamaria izquierda, se popularizó a fines de los años 80 e inicio de los 90. pero no ocurrió igual con el uso de las dos mamarias a pesar de existir trabajos favorables a su utilización. Les presentamos nuestra experiencia consecutiva de 50 pacientes coronarios con dos mamarias operados entre enero de 1991 y junio del 2000. El objetivo del trabajo es evaluar la morbimortalidad de este procedimiento a corto plazo y la morbilidad a distancia, al igual que la sobrevida. Los resultados inmediatos mostraron una mortalidad operatoria de 0 por ciento y una morbilidad muy baja. En el seguimiento a 9 años de 42 pacientes (84 por ciento del grupo), la sobrevida fue de 100 por ciento y no existieron complicaciones cardiológicas en el 92.8 por ciento de pacientes evaluados. Basándonos en las múltiples publicaciones recientes favorables al uso de dos mamarias y en nuestros propios resultados creemos que esta modalidad de trabajo debe difundirse dado que ha sido demostrada la disminución de la morbilidad cardiológica a largo plazo, la disminución del riesgo de reoperaciones y finalmente, que aumenta significativamente la sobrevida de los pacientes en comparación de aquellos en los que se usa exclusivamente venas o una sola mamaria.

The feasibility of a porcine model of acute coronary occlusion and reperfusion using off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

We developed an open-chest porcine model of acute coronary occlusion and surgical reperfusion, and attempted to prevent intra-operative ischaemic ventricular fibrillation (VF) by a Retrograde Intracoronary Glyceryl trinitrate (RIG) infusion into the occluded vessel. Five Yorkshire pigs (weight 50 +/- 1.1 kg), randomized into 3 groups, underwent median sternotomy under general anaesthesia. One pig (Group 1, control) underwent sternotomy and pericardiotomy only. Four pigs underwent acute left anterior descending (LAD) coronary occlusion. Two pigs were not reperfused (Group 2). Two pigs underwent surgical reperfusion (Group 3) via left internal mammary artery (LIMA) grafting to the LAD using the Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass (OPCAB) technique. Ischaemic injury was assessed using 7-lead electrocardiography (ECG) and transthoracic/epimyocardial echocardiography (ECHO). Group 1: transient intraoperative hypotension and VF occurred. Successful resuscitation and 10-week survival (until sacrifice) with normal left ventricular (LV) function was achieved. Group 2: there were ECG and ECHO evidence of acute LV ischaemic dysfunction in both pigs. The surviving pig had persistent anterior hypokinesis at 8 1/2 months. The other died intra-operatively following progressive ischaemic LV dysfunction despite resuscitative attempts. Group 3: the surviving pig had normal LV function at 8 months. Initial anterior LV akinesis normalized within 7 days. The other developed post-occlusion haemodynamic instability and died intra-operatively despite reperfusion. In this porcine model, acute LAD artery occlusion modified by the novel RIG infusion technique, followed by surgical reperfusion (OPCAB) is feasible. This model would facilitate further development of OPCAB surgical expertise and understanding of the pathophysiology of ischaemia-reperfusion injury.

Anatomose mamária-coronária: nova técnica de abordagem por via braquial para estudo angiográfico e angioplastia / Mamary coronary anastomosis: new technic of approach by brachial way for angiographic and angioplastic study

Objetivo - Descrever nova técnica de cateterização das artérias mamárias por via braquial, com cateter convencional de Sones pré-moldado. Métodos - Foram realizados 308 procedimentos em 300 pacientes, sendo 300 estudos angiográfcos em portadores de anastomose mamária-coronária e 8 angioplastias; em 5 casos do ramo descendente anterior (DA) abordado através da anastomose e em 3 casos da própria artéria mamária, recanalizando-a em um deles. Cateterizou-se a artéria braquial homolateral ao da artéria mamária anastomosada e após o estudo coronariográfico convencional, o cateter foi retirado e pré-moldado formando uma alça fechada na sua extremidade distal de aproximadamente 10 mm. Introduzida a alça através da arteriotomia, manipulou-se até a origem da artéria vertebral e mediante movimentos de rotação e tração cateterizou-se a artéria mamária. Nos casos de angioplastia, após a cateterização da artéria mamária com o cateter de Sones, procedeu-se a sua substituição por um do tipo Myler para coronária direita com o auxílio de um guia metálico de 260 cm...

Purpose - A new technique of mammary artery catheterization, by a brachial artery approach, utilizing a pre-molded conventional Sones catheter is described. Methods - In a series of 300 patients, 308 procedures were performed. Three hundred internal mammary-coronary anastomosis were studied. In eight cases angioplasty were performed, five in the anterior descending artery and three in the internal mammary artery itself, with recanalization of one of the three cases. The approach was through the brachial artery homolateral to the anastomosed mammary artery. After the conventional coronariographic and bypass studies were performed, the catheter was withdrawn and pre-molded, forming a closed loop of approximately 10 mm in its distal extremity. The loop was introduced through the arteriotomy reaching the origin of the vertebral artery. The internal mammary artery was then catheterized utilizing rotation and traction movements. In the percutaneous translumial coronary angioplasty (PTCA) procedures, the Sones catheter was replaced by a Myler right coronary catheter with a 260 cm metalic wire